When I turn on output and debugging I get an exclamation-mark in some cases (only in "templates"), like this:
What does this mean and how can I get more information about the error?
Thanks in advance!
The right answer is: exclamation mark means a LOG item. For your current log item (screenshot you provided), this log item register from system/ee/legacy/libraries/Extensions.php
file.
So it register assets extension method that is calling on channel_entries_query_result
hook.
In short, Nothing serious, Just a log message.